Digital Electronics Study Materials

Binary, octal, hex conversions, BCD, Gray code, ASCII, and number representations.

AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR gates, Boolean expressions, and simplification.

Simplification of Boolean functions using 2, 3, 4-variable K-maps and grouping rules.

Half adder, full adder, subtractor, multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, and decoders.

SR, D, JK, T flip-flops — truth tables, timing diagrams, excitation tables.

Asynchronous and synchronous counters, shift registers, universal shift register.

State machines (Moore, Mealy), state diagrams, state tables, and sequential circuit design.

RAM (SRAM, DRAM), ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, and memory organisation.

Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion, sampling theorem, and types of ADCs/DACs.

TTL, CMOS, ECL — characteristics, noise margin, fan-out, propagation delay, and comparison.

PAL, PLA, CPLD, FPGA basics, Verilog/VHDL introduction, and programmable logic.

8085/8086 architecture, registers, instruction set, memory interfacing, and simple programs.