Geography Study Materials

Physiographic divisions — Himalayan Mountains, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Islands, and Coastal Plains.

Factors affecting climate, monsoon mechanism, seasons, rainfall distribution, and climatic regions.

Himalayan rivers (Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra) and Peninsular rivers (Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri), lakes.

Types of vegetation (tropical forests, grasslands, mangroves), wildlife sanctuaries, and biodiversity.

Population growth, distribution, density, urbanisation, migration, and demographic transition.

Types of farming, cropping patterns (Kharif, Rabi), major crops, irrigation, and green revolution.

Iron and steel, textile, software industries; coal, petroleum, iron ore, and mineral distribution.

Roads, railways, airways, waterways, communication networks, and their importance.

Continents, oceans, landforms, atmospheric pressure belts, wind systems, and ocean currents.

Latitudes, longitudes, map projections, scale, and important geographical features on world map.

Natural disasters — earthquakes, floods, cyclones, droughts; mitigation strategies and preparedness.

Distribution of resources, energy sources, trade routes, globalisation, and economic development.