Biology Study Materials

Cell biology studies the structure, function, and behaviour of cells — the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes — structure, function, and metabolism.

Photosynthesis, respiration, transport, mineral nutrition, plant growth regulators, and photoperiodism.

Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Genetics is the study of heredity — how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes encoded in DNA.

Origin of life, theories of evolution, natural selection, Hardy-Weinberg law, and speciation.

Recombinant DNA technology, PCR, cloning, transgenic organisms, and bioethics.

Ecosystems, food chains, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and conservation.

Asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction in plants and animals, human reproduction, and reproductive health.

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, immunity, vaccines, human diseases, and health.

Classification of animals — porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, nematoda, arthropoda, chordata.

Classification of plants — algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms.